Examples of short essay questions and answers on growth and development block physiology (12-2012) by Dr Khaled A Abulfadle

Admin عدد المساهمات : 9680 تاريخ التسجيل : 06/08/2009

Q: Compare and contrast between proliferative and secretory phases of menstrual cycle?

Answer:

Proliferative phase of uterine cycle:

Incidence: from the 5th day of the cycle till the 14th day
Duration: 9 days
Changes:
1-Endometrial thickness: is gradually increased
2- Endometrial arteries are straight
3-Endometrial glands: increased in length but still straight and non secretory
Control: estrogen secreted from growing graafian follicle

Secretory phase of uterine cycle:

Incidence: from the 14th day of the cycle till the 28th day
Duration: 14 days
Changes:
1-Endometrial thickness: markedly increased to reach its peak
2-Endometrial arteries: markedly increased in length and become tourtous and spiral
3-Endometrial glands: become tourtous and give cork-screw appearance and are secretory
Control: estrogen and progesterone (mainly) fom corpus luteum

Admin عدد المساهمات : 9680 تاريخ التسجيل : 06/08/2009

Q: Outline role of thyroxin, growth hormone, androgens and estrogens on growth
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Answer
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Thyroxine: essential during fetal and early life growth. It is essential for growth of nervous tissue and different tissues. Thus, its diffeciency in this period causes mental retardation, infantilism, and delayed growth.

Growth hormone: it is important for growth during, childhood and adulthood. It acts indirectly through somatomedin C synthesized by liver under control of growth hormone. Thus, growth hormone deficiency causes dwarfism. But, its excess before union of epiphysis causes giantism and after union of epiphysis causes acromegally.

Androgens are essential for growth of sex organs during fetal life. Aso, it is essential for growth at time of puberty and it is responsible for growth spurt in males. Also, it is responsible for closure of epiphyseal plate and stoppage of linear growth of bone.

Estrogen is essential for growth at puberty in female for primary and secondary sex organs. It is responsible for growth spurt in females. Also, it is responsible for closure of epiphyseal plate and stoppage of linear growth of bone.

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For more details, refer to my lecture "Growth patterns", the topic "Hormonal control of growth".
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Admin عدد المساهمات : 9680 تاريخ التسجيل : 06/08/2009

Q: Outline causes of amenorrhea?

A:

Amenorrhea:
Definition: cessation of menstruation.
Causes:
(1) Pregnancy: hormones responsible are prolactin, estrogens and progesterone.
(2) Lactation: hormone responsible is prolactin.
(3) Contraceptive pills: hormones responsible are estrogens and progesterone.
(4) Severe exercise (exercise amenorrhea): hormone responsible is prolactin.

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