التعلم عن طريق حل المعضلات Problem Based Learning

[The individual student in PBL has an active role in learning. PBL requires that students have responsibility for their own learning by identifying their learning issues and needs.

According to Schmidt and Moust, the student progresses through a series of steps, "The Seven Jump", during the PBL process.


Clarify unknown terms and concepts in the problem description.
Define the problem(s). List the phenomena or events to be explained.
Analyze the problem(s). Step 1. Brainstorm. Try to produce as many different explanations for the phenomena as you think of. Use prior knowledge and common sense.
[student outcomes - activation of prior knowledge, elaboration,
restructuring of information, organization of information, intrinsic motivation]
Analyze the problem(s). Step 2. Discuss. Criticize the explanations proposed and try to produce a coherent description of the processes that, according to what you think, underlie the phenomena or events.
Formulate learning issues for self-directed learning.
Fill in gaps in your knowledge through self-study.
Share your findings with your group and try to integrate the knowledge acquired into a comprehensive explanation for the phenomena or events. Check whether you know enough now.
[student outcomes - restructuring, applying, problem solving]
From Processes that Shape Small-Group Tutorial Learning: A Review of Research by Henk G. Schmidt and Jos H.C. Moust, Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, 1998.

The NASA sponsored project, The Classroom of the Future, employs PBL in its curriculum. The project offers classroom ready activities for teachers to use at various grade levels. The project provides guidance for both teachers and students in order to help them adjust to and utilize the PBL curriculum.

In the guide for students, the project suggests similar problem-solving steps:

Read and analyze the problem scenario.
List what is known.
Develop a problem statement describing what the group is trying to solve, produce, respond to, or find out.
List what the group needs to find out.
List possible actions.
Analyze information.
Present findings
Individual learning issues are further discussed on the next page.